May 10, 2009
集约化家禽养殖生产与禽流感对人体健康的影响
由低到高的致病性
主任威廉唐纳森 ( William E. Donaldson ) 指出:
“新生的火鸡雏鸡”都挤在一起,然后被顺着滑板扔到移动板上,工人们将它们捡起后剪冠、修剪每只脚上的三个脚趾以及去喙后再将它们放置在另一个输送带上,这些输送带会将雏鸡送到另一个旋转台上并自动地在它们的脖子后方注射,而这些注射物通常是抗生素。基本上,他们已经经过了一项大手术,而且也已经受到了创伤。(64)
“终年饲养在室内的家禽,会较易受到传染性疾病的感染。由于空气质量的降低、在密闭的环境下病原体的累积、以及缺乏日光暴露等因素,使得禽类天生抗病力便因此降低了。” (103)
一直到 1900 年代中期,家禽主要是在住家后院养殖且养殖的密度也很低…而且成长率和产蛋量也低。在这样的环境下,即使在世界各地都有传出马立克氏病( MD ) 的爆发,该病也并未被视为重大疾病。但是,自六十年代以来家禽生产的养殖方式则出现了一些大变化。今日的家禽生产方式已变成在高密度下以高度集约化的条件为主的全球性的经营方式, 旨在更高的经济增长率和生产力…在 1960 年左右,当家禽生产不是以密集的规模来经营时,病毒和宿主都能彼此在一个平衡的状况下共存。但是,在六十年代初期,当家禽业转型进入密集式的生产方式时,这样的平衡状态则朝着对病毒有利的方向转变。大量容易受到感染的宿主不断地存在,而且这些宿主通常生活在过度拥挤的环境中,所以病毒能迅速地传播,也能快速地演进成更大的毒力。六十年代大规模马立克氏病 ( MD ) 爆发时疫情席卷世界各地而使得鸡群数量急剧减少便是一个例证。(190)
在五十年代后期当首波的病毒演化后,病毒便从“ mMDV ” ( 温和马立克氏病病毒 ) 转为“ vMDV ” ( 强毒马立克氏病病毒 )。在一定程度上,持续不断增加的工业养殖做法使得 “ vMDV ” ( 强毒马立克氏病病毒 ) 变成了 “ vvMDV ” (超强马立克氏病病毒),而目前,世界上正在面临抵抗 “ vv+MDV ” 超超强马立克氏病病毒的挑战。(191)
结论
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179 Saif YM. 1998. Infectious bursal disease and hemorrhagic enteritis. Poultry Science 77:1186-9.
180 Ibid.
181 Cereno TN, op. cit.
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191 Ibid.
192 Saif YM, 1998, op. cit.
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196 Rosenberger JK and Cloud SS, op. cit.
197 Fussell L, op. cit.
198 Shane SM, Global disease update—AI overshadowing erosive diseases, op. cit.
199 Nair V, op. cit.
200 Cereno TN, op. cit.
201 Fussell L, op. cit.
202 Nair V, op. cit.
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